Short backgrounds on observances across the faiths listed on this site.
Holiday names open the Holiday Calendar with dates for that observance.
Advent Sunday begins the Christian liturgical year in many Western Protestant traditions. Advent is a season of expectation and preparation for Christmas, with themes of hope and the coming of Christ. Advent wreaths and the progressive lighting of candles are familiar customs in many churches. The First Sunday of Advent falls four Sundays before Christmas.
All Saints' Day honors all the saints of the Church, known and unknown, and celebrates the communion of saints. In the Roman calendar it is observed on 1 November. Catholics celebrate the day with Mass, while customs of remembrance vary by country and culture. In many places, including the United States under applicable calendar rules, it is a holy day of obligation.
Many Protestant churches observe All Saints' Day in remembrance of Christians who have died and in celebration of the communion of saints. Services may emphasize God's grace, the witness of faithful Christians, and the hope of resurrection. The observance is particularly common in Anglican, Lutheran, Methodist, and other liturgical Protestant traditions and is traditionally associated with 1 November.
All Souls' Day, observed on 2 November, commemorates all the faithful departed. Catholics pray for the dead, especially the souls in purgatory, and may offer Masses, visit cemeteries, and pray at the graves of family and friends. It follows All Saints' Day and emphasizes Christian hope in the resurrection and eternal life.
The Annunciation commemorates the angel Gabriel's announcement to Mary that she would conceive Jesus and Mary's consent to God's plan. Celebrated on 25 March, the solemnity centers on the Incarnation, the Word becoming flesh. When 25 March falls during Holy Week or the Easter Octave, the observance is transferred according to the liturgical calendar.
Protestant churches that observe the Annunciation commemorate the angel Gabriel's announcement to Mary that she would conceive Jesus and Mary's faithful response. Traditionally observed on 25 March, the feast centers on the Incarnation and God's promise of salvation. It is most commonly observed in Anglican, Lutheran, and other liturgical Protestant traditions and may be transferred when it conflicts with Holy Week or Easter.
The Day of Arafah falls on the 9th of Dhu al-Hijjah, the day before Eid al-Adha. For pilgrims performing Hajj, standing at Arafat is a central rite of the pilgrimage. Muslims who are not performing Hajj are encouraged to fast, and many devote additional time to prayer and remembrance of God. The Gregorian date changes each year because the Islamic calendar is lunar.
Arbaeen falls forty days after Ashura and is one of the most important commemorations in Shia Islam. It honors Imam Husayn and those killed at Karbala and is closely associated with pilgrimage to his shrine in Karbala. Mourning, prayer, remembrance, and acts of devotion mark the observance. Arbaeen falls on the 20th of Safar, with its Gregorian date changing each year.
Asalha Puja, or Dharma Day, commemorates the Buddha's first sermon at Deer Park, traditionally understood as the first turning of the Wheel of Dharma. The teaching introduced foundational principles including the Four Noble Truths and the Middle Way. Observed especially in Theravada traditions, the day commonly includes temple visits, teachings, meditation, and offerings. Its date follows the lunar calendar and varies on the civil calendar.
The Ascension of the Lord celebrates Christ's ascension into heaven forty days after the Resurrection. Traditionally observed on the Thursday of the sixth week of Easter, the solemnity is transferred to the following Sunday in many dioceses. Its liturgy emphasizes Christ's exaltation, the mission of the Church, and the promised coming of the Holy Spirit.
The Feast of the Ascension commemorates Christ's ascension into heaven forty days after the Resurrection. One of the seven major feasts of the Lord in the Coptic Orthodox Church, it is celebrated with the Divine Liturgy and festal hymns. The feast always falls on a Thursday and prepares for the celebration of Pentecost ten days later.
The Ascension commemorates Christ's ascension into heaven forty days after Pascha. One of the Twelve Great Feasts of the Orthodox Church, it celebrates Christ's glorification and points toward the coming of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost ten days later. The feast always falls on a Thursday, with its date determined by the date of Pascha.
Ascension Day commemorates Christ's ascension into heaven forty days after Easter. Many liturgical Protestant churches observe it on the traditional Thursday, while some transfer its celebration to the following Sunday. The feast emphasizes Christ's exaltation, the mission of the Church, and the promised coming of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost.
Ash Wednesday begins Lent, the season of preparation for Easter. Catholics receive ashes as a sign of repentance and mortality and are called to prayer, fasting, and almsgiving. In the Latin Catholic Church, Ash Wednesday is a day of fasting and abstinence for those to whom those disciplines apply. It is not a holy day of obligation.
Ash Wednesday begins Lent in many Protestant traditions. Services commonly emphasize repentance, confession, Scripture, and preparation for Easter, with the imposition of ashes practiced in many Anglican, Lutheran, Methodist, Presbyterian, and other churches. Lenten disciplines vary widely among Protestants, and some denominations do not observe Ash Wednesday at all.
Ashura falls on the 10th of Muharram and has different significance across Muslim traditions. For Sunni Muslims, it is associated particularly with God's deliverance of Moses and the Israelites from Pharaoh, and fasting is recommended. For Shia Muslims, it is a major day of mourning commemorating the martyrdom of Imam Husayn at the Battle of Karbala. The Gregorian date changes each year with the lunar calendar.
The Feast of the Assumption of Saint Mary commemorates the Coptic Orthodox tradition of the assumption of the Virgin Mary's body into heaven. Celebrated on 16 Mesore in the Coptic calendar, currently corresponding to 22 August, it follows the Fast of Saint Mary and is marked by the Divine Liturgy, hymns, and strong devotion to the Theotokos.
The Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary, celebrated on 15 August, commemorates the Catholic belief that Mary was taken body and soul into heavenly glory at the end of her earthly life. It is one of the principal Marian solemnities and is a holy day of obligation in many countries, subject to local church law and calendar rules.
Bandi Chhor Divas commemorates the release of Guru Hargobind from Gwalior Fort and his role in securing the release of fifty-two other imprisoned rulers. His return to Amritsar is traditionally associated with the time of Diwali, when the city and Harmandir Sahib were illuminated in celebration. Sikhs mark the day with worship, kirtan, illumination of gurdwaras, and langar, with themes of freedom, justice, and compassion.
Bhai Dooj celebrates the bond between brothers and sisters and commonly concludes the main Diwali festival period. Sisters traditionally perform a ceremony for their brothers that may include applying tilak and offering prayers for their well-being, while brothers may give gifts in return. Customs vary by region and family, and the festival is especially prominent in northern and western India.
The birthday of Guru Gobind Singh, the tenth Sikh Guru, commemorates his life, teachings, and leadership of the Sikh community. He established the Khalsa in 1699 and, before his death, conferred eternal Guruship upon the Guru Granth Sahib. Gurpurab observances commonly include Akhand Path, kirtan, processions, prayer, and langar.
Bodhi Day commemorates the enlightenment, or awakening, of Siddhartha Gautama under the Bodhi tree, after which he became known as the Buddha. Observed especially in East Asian Mahayana traditions, it may be marked by meditation, sutra recitation, reflection, and temple services. Many communities observe Bodhi Day on 8 December, although dates and customs vary by tradition.
Boxing Day falls on 26 December and is primarily a cultural observance in countries shaped by British tradition. In churches that follow the historic Christian calendar, 26 December is also the feast of Saint Stephen, the first Christian martyr. Religious observance varies considerably, while charitable giving, visiting, and other Boxing Day customs are largely cultural rather than specifically Protestant.
Chhath Puja is a major festival dedicated to Surya, the sun god, and is especially important in Bihar, Jharkhand, eastern Uttar Pradesh, Nepal's Terai region, and related diaspora communities. Observed over several days, it includes fasting, ritual bathing, and offerings to the setting and rising sun, often at rivers or other bodies of water.
The Solemnity of Our Lord Jesus Christ, King of the Universe, commonly called Christ the King, is celebrated on the final Sunday of the liturgical year, immediately before Advent. It proclaims Christ's kingship over creation and history and directs attention toward the fulfillment of God's kingdom and Christ's return.
Christmas, the Solemnity of the Nativity of the Lord, celebrates the birth of Jesus Christ. Observed on 25 December, it is a holy day of obligation and one of the principal celebrations of the Catholic liturgical year. The feast is celebrated through several distinct Masses, including the Vigil and Mass during the Night, and begins the Christmas season.
Christmas celebrates the birth of Jesus Christ and is one of the most widely observed festivals across Protestant Christianity. Churches commonly hold services centered on the Nativity with Scripture, preaching, carols, and music, while family gatherings, charity, and other customs vary by culture and denomination. Most Western Protestant churches celebrate Christmas on 25 December.
Coptic Christmas, the Feast of the Nativity, celebrates the birth of Jesus Christ on 29 Kiahk in the Coptic calendar, currently corresponding to 7 January in the Gregorian calendar. One of the seven major feasts of the Lord, it follows the Nativity Fast and is celebrated with a festal Divine Liturgy, traditionally extending through the night, followed by family and community celebrations.
Coptic Easter, or the Glorious Feast of the Resurrection, celebrates the Resurrection of Jesus Christ and is the culmination of Great Lent and Holy Week. The festal Divine Liturgy traditionally begins on Saturday evening and continues into the night, proclaiming Christ's victory over death. The date is determined by the Coptic Paschal calculation and may differ from Western Easter.
Coptic Good Friday commemorates the Crucifixion and death of Jesus Christ and is one of the most solemn days of Coptic Holy Week. Extended prayers, Gospel readings, hymns, prostrations, and fasting accompany the commemoration of Christ's Passion. The long liturgical observance leads toward the celebration of the Resurrection.
Nayrouz marks the beginning of the Coptic calendar year on 1 Thout and is also known as the Feast of the Martyrs. The Coptic calendar numbers its years from the Era of the Martyrs, beginning under the Roman emperor Diocletian. The feast honors the witness of Christian martyrs and is celebrated with the Divine Liturgy and distinctive hymns. It currently falls on 11 or 12 September in the Gregorian calendar.
Palm Sunday commemorates Christ's entry into Jerusalem and is one of the seven major feasts of the Lord in the Coptic Orthodox Church. The liturgy includes a distinctive procession with palms and crosses, special hymns, and Gospel readings. The feast begins the final stage of Holy Week leading to the Crucifixion and Resurrection.
The Solemnity of the Most Holy Body and Blood of Christ, commonly called Corpus Christi, celebrates Christ's real presence in the Eucharist. It is traditionally observed on the Thursday after Trinity Sunday but is transferred to the following Sunday in many places. Eucharistic processions and adoration of the Blessed Sacrament are traditional features of the celebration.
Dhanteras marks the beginning of the Diwali festival period in many traditions. Associated with prosperity and well-being, it is linked particularly with Lakshmi and Dhanvantari. Customs may include cleaning and decorating the home, lighting lamps, worship, and purchasing items such as metal utensils, jewelry, or gold. It is generally observed two days before the main Diwali celebration.
Diwali, the Festival of Lights, is one of the most widely celebrated Hindu festivals. Homes and temples are illuminated with lamps, and observances may include worship, family gatherings, sweets, gifts, and fireworks. Its religious associations vary by region and tradition, including Rama's return to Ayodhya and the worship of Lakshmi. The festival broadly celebrates light over darkness and good over evil.
The Dormition of the Theotokos commemorates the falling asleep, or death, of Mary, the Mother of God, and her glorification in Christ. One of the Twelve Great Feasts, it is preceded by the two-week Dormition Fast. The feast is celebrated on 15 August according to the church calendar; for churches using the Julian calendar, that date currently falls on 28 August of the civil Gregorian calendar.
Dussehra, also called Vijayadashami, celebrates the victory of good over evil and concludes the Navaratri period. In different traditions it commemorates Rama's victory over Ravana or Durga's victory over Mahishasura. Celebrations may include Ramayana performances, processions, the burning of Ravana effigies, or the immersion of Durga images. Customs vary considerably by region.
Easter Sunday celebrates the Resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead and stands at the center of the Catholic liturgical year. The celebration begins with the Easter Vigil during the night before Easter Sunday and continues through the Easter season. Its date changes each year according to the Church's Paschal calendar, falling on a Sunday between late March and late April.
Easter Sunday celebrates the Resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead and stands at the center of Christian faith and worship. Protestant observances range from highly liturgical Easter Vigils and Eucharistic services to sunrise services and less formal celebrations centered on Scripture, preaching, and music. Its date changes each year according to the Western calculation of Easter used by most Protestant churches.
Eid al-Adha, the Festival of Sacrifice, begins on the 10th of Dhu al-Hijjah during the annual Hajj season. It commemorates the willingness of Ibrahim to sacrifice his son in obedience to God and God's provision of a sacrifice in his place. Muslims who are able may offer an animal sacrifice, or qurbani, sharing the meat with family, friends, and those in need. Communal Eid prayer, charity, and family gatherings are central to the observance.
Eid al-Fitr marks the end of Ramadan and begins on the first day of Shawwal. The celebration includes a special communal Eid prayer, festive meals, family and community gatherings, and expressions of gratitude to God. Zakat al-Fitr, a required charitable contribution for those able to give it, is provided before the Eid prayer so that those in need can share in the celebration. The Gregorian date varies with the lunar calendar.
The Entry of the Lord into Egypt commemorates the Holy Family's flight into Egypt and their journey through places preserved in Coptic tradition. The feast has particular significance in the Coptic Orthodox Church because Egypt became a place of refuge for the infant Jesus, Saint Mary, and Joseph. It is celebrated on 24 Pashons, currently corresponding to 1 June.
The Epiphany of the Lord celebrates the manifestation of Christ to the nations, represented especially by the visit of the Magi. Traditionally observed on 6 January, it is transferred to a Sunday in some countries, including the United States. The feast emphasizes Christ as the light and salvation offered to all peoples and is associated with customs such as house blessings.
Epiphany celebrates the manifestation of Christ to the world and, in Western Protestant traditions, is especially associated with the visit of the Magi. Traditionally observed on 6 January, its themes include Christ as light to the nations, revelation, and mission. Some Protestant churches observe an Epiphany season, while others give the feast little or no distinct observance.
The Exaltation of the Cross honors the life-giving Cross of Christ and is one of the Twelve Great Feasts of the Orthodox Church. Celebrated on 14 September according to the church calendar, its services include the solemn veneration and elevation of the Cross. Despite its festal character, it is observed as a strict fast day and emphasizes the Cross as the sign of Christ's victory and salvation.
The Coptic Feast of the Cross commemorates the discovery of the True Cross by Saint Helena and honors the Cross as the sign of Christ's victory and salvation. The principal observance begins on 17 Thout and extends for three days, with distinctive hymns, processions, and liturgical celebration. The Coptic Church also commemorates the Cross on 10 Paremhat.
First Parkash of Guru Granth Sahib commemorates the 1604 installation and first public reading of the Adi Granth at Harmandir Sahib in Amritsar under Guru Arjan. The scripture was placed at the center of Sikh worship and community life. Gurdwaras may mark the day with scripture reading, kirtan, prayer, and langar. The observance honors the enduring centrality of the Guru Granth Sahib in Sikh tradition.
Ganesh Chaturthi celebrates Ganesha, the deity associated with wisdom, new beginnings, and the removal of obstacles. Families and communities install images of Ganesha, offer prayers and sweets, and later carry the images in procession for immersion in water. The festival may last from one to eleven days and is especially prominent in Maharashtra and parts of western and southern India.
Good Friday commemorates the Passion and death of Jesus Christ on the Cross. The Church celebrates the solemn liturgy of the Passion of the Lord, including the proclamation of the Passion, veneration of the Cross, and Holy Communion from hosts consecrated previously. No Mass is celebrated. In the Latin Catholic Church, Good Friday is a day of fasting and abstinence.
Good Friday commemorates the Crucifixion and death of Jesus Christ and is a central observance of Holy Week in many Protestant traditions. Services may include readings of the Passion, prayer, preaching, solemn music, or forms such as Tenebrae and the Three Hours devotion. Some Protestants also observe fasting or other forms of self-denial as they prepare for Easter.
Govardhan Puja commemorates Krishna's lifting of Mount Govardhan to protect the people of Vrindavan and is generally observed during the Diwali festival period. In many Vaishnava traditions it is associated with Annakut, when large displays of vegetarian food are offered to Krishna. The observance emphasizes gratitude, divine protection, and devotion.
Great Lent is the principal season of fasting, prayer, repentance, and spiritual preparation for Pascha in the Orthodox Church. Beginning on Clean Monday, it is marked by distinctive services including the Great Canon of Saint Andrew and the Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts. The Lenten journey leads into Holy Week and ultimately the celebration of Christ's Resurrection.
Great Lent is the principal season of fasting and spiritual preparation for the Feast of the Resurrection in the Coptic Orthodox Church. The fifty-five-day period includes a preparatory week, forty days recalling Christ's fast in the wilderness, and Holy Week. It is marked by fasting, prayer, repentance, charity, additional liturgies, and distinctive hymns and rites.
Guru Nanak Gurpurab celebrates the birth of Guru Nanak, the first Sikh Guru and founder of the Sikh tradition. His teachings emphasized devotion to one God, equality, honest living, sharing with others, and service. Gurdwaras commonly mark the Gurpurab with Akhand Path, kirtan, processions known as nagar kirtan, prayer, and langar. It is one of the most widely celebrated Sikh Gurpurabs.
Guru Purnima honors spiritual teachers and the tradition through which sacred knowledge is transmitted. Hindus may offer respect to gurus and teachers, participate in worship or study, and reflect on the importance of guidance and learning. The observance falls on the full moon of the Hindu month of Ashadha and is also significant in other Indian religious traditions.
Guruship of Guru Granth Sahib commemorates Guru Gobind Singh's conferral of eternal Guruship upon the Guru Granth Sahib in 1708, ending the line of human Sikh Gurus. The Guru Granth Sahib has since served as the eternal Guru and central scripture of Sikh life and worship. Gurdwaras may mark the occasion with scripture reading, kirtan, prayer, and langar.
Hanukkah commemorates the rededication of the Second Temple in Jerusalem following the Maccabean revolt. According to Jewish tradition, a one-day supply of ritually pure oil burned for eight days during the rededication. The eight-day festival is marked by lighting the hanukkiah, adding one light each night, along with songs, games, and foods fried in oil. Hanukkah is not subject to the work restrictions of the major Jewish festivals.
Hanuman Jayanti celebrates the birth of Hanuman, revered for his devotion to Rama, strength, courage, and selfless service. Observances may include temple worship, fasting, devotional singing, and recitation of the Hanuman Chalisa or passages from the Ramayana. The date varies among regional Hindu traditions, with many communities observing it around the full moon of Chaitra.
Hola Mohalla is a Sikh festival established by Guru Gobind Singh and traditionally observed beginning around the day after Holi. Closely associated with Anandpur Sahib, it highlights the martial discipline, courage, and community spirit of the Khalsa. Celebrations include processions, displays of martial skills, kirtan, poetry, religious gatherings, and langar.
Holi is a spring festival associated with joy, renewal, and the triumph of good over evil. The evening before the main celebration commonly features Holika Dahan, a ritual bonfire recalling the story of Prahlada and Holika. The following day is widely celebrated with colored powders, water, music, food, and community gatherings. Customs vary significantly by region.
Holy Friday, or Great and Holy Friday, commemorates the Crucifixion and death of Jesus Christ. It is one of the most solemn days of the Orthodox liturgical year and is observed with strict fasting and extended services centered on Christ's Passion and burial. In many parishes, the Epitaphios, an embroidered icon representing Christ in the tomb, is carried in a solemn procession.
Holy Thursday commemorates the Last Supper, Christ's institution of the Eucharist, and his commandment of love expressed in the washing of feet. The evening Mass of the Lord's Supper begins the Sacred Paschal Triduum. After Mass, the Blessed Sacrament is carried to a place of repose as the Church enters into the commemoration of Christ's Passion.
The Solemnity of the Immaculate Conception, celebrated on 8 December, commemorates the Catholic teaching that Mary was preserved from original sin from the first moment of her conception. It refers to Mary's conception, not the conception of Jesus. In the United States, it is the patronal feast of the nation and a holy day of obligation.
Islamic New Year marks the beginning of Muharram, the first month of the Hijri calendar. Unlike the major Eids, it is generally not characterized by prescribed festivities or a universal form of celebration. Some Muslims use the occasion for reflection on the passage of time, Islamic history, and the Hijra, the migration of the Prophet Muhammad and the early Muslim community from Mecca to Medina.
Isra and Mi'raj commemorate the Prophet Muhammad's Night Journey from Mecca to Jerusalem and his Ascension through the heavens. The event holds particular significance because Islamic tradition associates it with the establishment of the five daily prayers. Some Muslim communities mark the occasion with additional prayer, Qur'an recitation, teaching, and reflection, while others do not observe it as a distinct religious celebration.
Karva Chauth is a fasting observance practiced particularly by married Hindu women in parts of northern India for the well-being and longevity of their husbands. The fast traditionally extends from before sunrise until the moon is sighted at night and may include a pre-dawn meal, prayer, storytelling, and evening rituals. Customs and participation vary by family and community.
Kathina is the Theravada robe-offering period following the end of Vassa, the annual rains retreat. Lay communities offer robes and other necessities to monastics, often accompanied by chanting, processions, merit-making, and a communal meal. Kathina is not a single universal feast day but a period during which an eligible monastery may hold its ceremony, so dates vary among temples and countries.
Krishna Janmashtami celebrates the birth of Krishna, one of the most widely revered deities in Hindu traditions. Devotees may fast, sing devotional songs, recite or hear accounts of Krishna's life, and hold nighttime worship associated with the traditional hour of his birth. Temple celebrations can continue past midnight, with customs varying among Vaishnava traditions and regions.
Lag BaOmer is the 33rd day of the Omer, the period counted between Passover and Shavuot. Traditions associate the day particularly with Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai and with the end of a plague among Rabbi Akiva's students. Some mourning practices observed during the Omer are suspended, and celebrations may include bonfires, music, weddings, and outdoor gatherings. It is not a work-restricted festival.
Laylat al-Qadr, the Night of Power or Night of Decree, commemorates the night associated with the revelation of the Qur'an to the Prophet Muhammad. Muslims seek the night during the last ten nights of Ramadan, particularly the odd-numbered nights, through prayer, Qur'an recitation, supplication, and other acts of worship. The 27th night is widely emphasized in many communities, but the exact night is not known. The Qur'an describes Laylat al-Qadr as better than a thousand months.
Losar is the Tibetan New Year and is also observed in several Himalayan Buddhist cultures. Celebrations may include religious ceremonies, offerings, prayers, family gatherings, traditional foods, and cultural festivities. Preparations often begin before New Year's Day, and observances may continue for several days. Dates and customs vary among Tibetan and Himalayan traditions and calendars.
Magha Puja, or Sangha Day, commemorates the spontaneous gathering of 1,250 enlightened disciples of the Buddha. According to Theravada tradition, the Buddha addressed the assembly with the Ovada Patimokkha, summarizing central principles of Buddhist practice. Observances commonly include temple visits, meditation, teachings, offerings, and candlelight processions. The festival falls on a full-moon day determined by the lunar calendar.
Maghi commemorates the Forty Liberated Ones, or Chali Mukte, who died fighting alongside Guru Gobind Singh at Muktsar. Their sacrifice holds an important place in Sikh memory, and major observances take place at Sri Muktsar Sahib. Sikhs may gather for prayer, kirtan, remembrance, and langar. Maghi falls around mid-January and is also associated with the seasonal calendar of Punjab.
Maha Shivaratri, the Great Night of Shiva, is a major festival devoted to Shiva. Many devotees observe fasting, prayer, meditation, and an all-night vigil, with repeated worship of the Shiva linga and offerings such as water and bilva leaves. The festival emphasizes devotion, spiritual discipline, and contemplation and occurs during the dark half of the lunar month of Phalguna.
Mahayana New Year is a broad label for New Year observances in some Mahayana Buddhist communities rather than a single festival shared by all Mahayana Buddhists. Customs may include temple visits, prayer or chanting, offerings, family gatherings, and resolutions for spiritual practice. Dates and traditions differ considerably among countries, cultures, and Buddhist lineages.
Pongal is a major Tamil harvest festival expressing gratitude for the harvest, the sun, cattle, and agricultural life. Its central observance, Thai Pongal, includes boiling newly harvested rice with milk until it overflows, symbolizing abundance. The festival extends over several days, commonly including Bhogi, Thai Pongal, Mattu Pongal, and Kaanum Pongal, and coincides closely with Makar Sankranti.
The martyrdom of Guru Arjan, the fifth Sikh Guru, commemorates his death in 1606 after enduring persecution and torture under Mughal authority. His martyrdom is remembered as a defining example of steadfastness and sacrifice in Sikh history. Observances commonly include kirtan, readings from the Guru Granth Sahib, prayer, and the distribution of cool sweetened drinks known as chabeel.
The martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur, the ninth Sikh Guru, commemorates his execution in Delhi in 1675 after defending the right of Kashmiri Hindus to practice their faith. Sikhs remember his sacrifice as a powerful affirmation of religious freedom and the defense of conscience beyond one's own community. Observances include prayer, kirtan, readings, remembrance, and langar.
Maundy Thursday commemorates the Last Supper and Christ's commandment that his disciples love one another. Many Protestant churches celebrate Holy Communion, and some include the washing of feet in remembrance of Jesus washing the feet of his disciples. The observance forms part of Holy Week and leads directly into the commemoration of Christ's Passion on Good Friday.
Mawlid al-Nabi commemorates the birth of the Prophet Muhammad. In many Muslim communities it is marked with Qur'an recitation, devotional poetry, teachings about the Prophet's life, prayer, charity, and community gatherings. Practices vary considerably: some Muslims celebrate Mawlid extensively, others observe it more quietly, and others do not recognize it as a religious observance. Its Gregorian date changes each year with the lunar calendar.
Naraka Chaturdashi is part of the Diwali festival period and is often called Choti Diwali in northern India. Traditions commonly associate it with Krishna's defeat of the demon Narakasura, while customs in some regions include early-morning ritual bathing, lamps, and festive preparations. Its meaning and manner of observance vary considerably across India.
The Nativity of Saint John the Baptist, celebrated on 24 June, honors the birth of the prophet who prepared the way for Jesus Christ. The solemnity reflects John's distinctive role in salvation history and is one of the few liturgical celebrations of a saint's birth rather than death. It is distinct from the commemoration of his martyrdom on 29 August.
The Nativity of the Theotokos celebrates the birth of Mary, the Mother of God, and is the first of the Twelve Great Feasts in the Orthodox liturgical year. Celebrated on 8 September according to the church calendar, it honors Mary's place in the unfolding of salvation. Churches using the Julian calendar currently observe that date on 21 September of the civil Gregorian calendar.
Navaratri, meaning nine nights, is a festival devoted to the Divine Feminine, particularly forms of the Goddess such as Durga. Worship, fasting, devotional music, and dance may mark the nine nights, with regional traditions including garba and dandiya in Gujarat and Durga Puja in eastern India. The major autumn observance culminates in Vijayadashami, or Dussehra.
Obon is a Japanese Buddhist observance honoring deceased ancestors. Families may visit and clean graves, make offerings, light lanterns, and participate in Bon Odori community dances. Traditions symbolically welcome ancestral spirits and later guide them on their departure. Depending on the region and calendar followed, Obon is commonly observed in July or August and usually extends over several days.
Onam is a major festival of Kerala associated with the legendary return of King Mahabali and with harvest and regional cultural traditions. Celebrations may include elaborate floral designs called pookalam, the Onam sadya feast, family gatherings, performances, and boat races. The festival extends over several days, with Thiruvonam serving as its principal day.
The Nativity of Christ celebrates the birth of Jesus Christ and is one of the Twelve Great Feasts of the Orthodox Church. It is preceded by the forty-day Nativity Fast and celebrated with festal services, the Divine Liturgy, hymns, and family traditions. Churches using the Revised Julian or Gregorian calendar celebrate the feast on 25 December, while churches using the Julian calendar currently celebrate their 25 December on 7 January of the civil Gregorian calendar.
Pascha celebrates the Resurrection of Jesus Christ and stands at the center of the Orthodox liturgical year as the Feast of Feasts. Great Lent and Holy Week lead to the nighttime Paschal celebration and the proclamation that Christ is risen, followed by a season of festal worship. Its date is determined according to the Orthodox Paschal calculation and often differs from the date of Western Easter.
Palm Sunday of the Passion of the Lord begins Holy Week and commemorates Christ's entry into Jerusalem. The liturgy includes the blessing and procession of palms or other branches and the proclamation of the Passion. The celebration moves from Christ's triumphant reception in Jerusalem toward the events of his suffering and death later in Holy Week.
Palm Sunday commemorates Christ's entry into Jerusalem and is one of the Twelve Great Feasts of the Orthodox Church. Celebrated one week before Pascha, it includes the blessing and distribution of palms, branches, or other greenery according to local custom. Its joyful celebration gives way to the solemn services of Holy Week and the commemoration of Christ's Passion.
Palm Sunday commemorates Christ's entry into Jerusalem and begins Holy Week. Many Protestant congregations distribute palms or other branches and recount the entry into Jerusalem, while some also read the Passion narrative. The celebration combines themes of Christ's kingship and humility with the transition toward his suffering and death later in Holy Week.
Parinirvana Day commemorates the death of the Buddha and his passing into final nirvana. Observed particularly in Mahayana traditions, the day encourages reflection on impermanence, death, and liberation and may include meditation, sutra recitation, teachings, and memorial observances. Many communities observe it in February, although the date and form of observance vary among Buddhist traditions.
Passover, or Pesach, commemorates the Exodus from Egypt and liberation from slavery. The festival begins with the Seder, during which the Exodus story is retold through the Haggadah, symbolic foods, questions, and ritual practices. Throughout Passover, leavened grain products known as chametz are prohibited, while matzah is eaten. The festival lasts seven days in Israel and eight days in the diaspora.
Pavarana marks the conclusion of Vassa, the traditional three-month rains retreat observed by Theravada monastics. At the formal Pavarana ceremony, monks invite fellow members of the monastic community to identify any faults they have seen, heard, or suspected, reinforcing accountability and communal harmony. Lay communities may also gather for merit-making and offerings. The date follows the lunar calendar and regional tradition.
Pentecost celebrates the descent of the Holy Spirit upon the apostles and other disciples and the beginning of the Church's mission to proclaim the Gospel. Celebrated fifty days after Easter, it concludes the Easter season. Red vestments symbolize the Holy Spirit, and the liturgy emphasizes the Spirit's continuing presence and work within the Church.
The Feast of Pentecost commemorates the descent of the Holy Spirit upon the apostles fifty days after the Resurrection. One of the seven major feasts of the Lord in the Coptic Orthodox Church, it celebrates the work of the Holy Spirit and the mission of the Church. The feast concludes the Holy Fifty Days that follow the Resurrection and is celebrated with the Divine Liturgy and distinctive prayers and hymns.
Pentecost commemorates the descent of the Holy Spirit upon the apostles fifty days after Pascha and is one of the Twelve Great Feasts of the Orthodox Church. The feast celebrates the revelation of the Holy Trinity and the mission of the Church. Vespers traditionally includes distinctive kneeling prayers, and churches in some traditions are decorated with greenery.
Pentecost commemorates the descent of the Holy Spirit upon the disciples and their empowerment for the Church's mission. Celebrated fifty days after Easter, it commonly includes the account in Acts 2 and themes of the Holy Spirit, mission, and the life of the Church. Some Protestant traditions also associate the day with baptism, confirmation, or renewed commitment to Christian mission.
Pesach Sheni, the Second Passover, falls on 14 Iyar, one month after the date of the Passover offering. In the Torah, it provided a second opportunity to bring the Passover sacrifice for those who had been unable to do so at the appointed time. Today it is a minor observance, with some communities marking it by eating matzah and reflecting on themes of second chances and spiritual return.
Pongal is the Tamil harvest festival, giving thanks for the sun, rain, and crops. Fresh rice is boiled with milk and offered; homes are cleaned and decorated. It often aligns closely with Makar Sankranti on the solar calendar. Celebrations may extend over several days with different names (Bhogi, Thai Pongal, Mattu Pongal). It is major in Tamil Nadu and among Tamil diaspora communities. Agricultural gratitude is the central theme.
The Presentation of the Lord, celebrated on 2 February, commemorates Mary and Joseph presenting the infant Jesus in the Temple and his encounter with Simeon and Anna. Traditionally called Candlemas, the feast may include the blessing and procession of candles, recalling Simeon's proclamation of Christ as a light to the nations. It occurs forty days after Christmas.
Purim commemorates the deliverance of the Jewish people from Haman's planned destruction, as recounted in the Book of Esther. Its central observances include hearing the Megillah, giving gifts of food known as mishloach manot, giving charity to those in need, and sharing a festive meal. Costumes and celebrations are also common. Purim is observed on 14 Adar in most communities.
Raksha Bandhan celebrates bonds of affection, protection, and responsibility, traditionally between sisters and brothers. A sister commonly ties a rakhi, or sacred thread, around her brother's wrist and offers prayers for his well-being, while he may give a gift and pledge support in return. Practices have broadened in many families and communities beyond the traditional brother-sister relationship.
Ram Navami celebrates the birth of Rama, revered as an incarnation of Vishnu and the central figure of the Ramayana. Devotees may attend temple worship, recite or listen to the Ramayana, sing bhajans, fast, and participate in processions. The festival falls on the ninth day of the bright half of the Hindu month of Chaitra.
Ramadan is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar and the month of obligatory fasting, one of the Five Pillars of Islam. From dawn to sunset, adult Muslims who are able abstain from food, drink, and sexual relations while giving increased attention to prayer, Qur'an recitation, charity, and spiritual discipline. Nights often include additional prayers known as Tarawih. Ramadan concludes with Eid al-Fitr and moves through the seasons because the Islamic calendar is lunar.
Reformation Day commemorates the Protestant Reformation and is traditionally associated with 31 October 1517, when Martin Luther's Ninety-Five Theses became a defining symbol of the movement. The observance is particularly prominent in Lutheran churches, where worship may emphasize Scripture, grace, faith, and the heritage of the Reformation. Other Protestant denominations vary widely in whether and how they observe the day.
Rosh Hashanah is the Jewish New Year and the beginning of the High Holy Days. Observed for two days, it is a time of judgment, prayer, reflection, and repentance. The sounding of the shofar is its central ritual observance, except when the first day falls on Shabbat. Traditional foods such as apples dipped in honey express hopes for a sweet new year. Rosh Hashanah begins the Ten Days of Repentance leading to Yom Kippur.
The Solemnity of Saint Joseph, Spouse of the Blessed Virgin Mary, is celebrated on 19 March. It honors Joseph as the husband of Mary, guardian of Jesus, and faithful servant of God. The solemnity normally falls during Lent but retains its festal character. Saint Joseph is also honored as patron of the universal Church.
The Solemnity of Saints Peter and Paul, celebrated on 29 June, honors two leading apostles of the early Church and their witness to Christ. Peter is remembered especially for his leadership among the apostles and Paul for his missionary proclamation of the Gospel. Both were martyred in Rome, where the solemnity has particular significance.
Shavuot commemorates the giving of the Torah at Mount Sinai and also has ancient agricultural significance as a harvest festival. Traditions include Torah study through the night, reading the Book of Ruth, and eating dairy foods. It is celebrated fifty days after the beginning of Passover and is one of the Torah's three pilgrimage festivals. Shavuot lasts one day in Israel and two days in the diaspora.
Shemini Atzeret is a distinct festival immediately following the seven days of Sukkot. Its name means Eighth Day of Assembly, and it is marked by prayer and festive meals. The prayer for rain begins during its liturgy, and Yizkor is recited in many communities. In Israel, Shemini Atzeret and Simchat Torah are celebrated on the same day; in the diaspora, Simchat Torah follows on the second day.
Shushan Purim is the observance of Purim on 15 Adar rather than 14 Adar. It is celebrated in Jerusalem and in certain other cities that qualify under Jewish law based on their ancient walled status, recalling that the Jews of the Persian capital Shushan rested and celebrated a day later than those elsewhere. Most Jewish communities observe Purim on the preceding day.
Simchat Torah celebrates the completion and immediate restarting of the annual Torah reading cycle. Synagogues celebrate with processions and dancing with Torah scrolls, known as hakafot, along with special Torah readings. In Israel, Simchat Torah coincides with Shemini Atzeret; in the diaspora, it is celebrated the following day. The observance emphasizes the continuing cycle of Torah study.
The Solemnity of Mary, the Holy Mother of God, is celebrated on 1 January, the Octave Day of Christmas. It honors Mary under the ancient title Theotokos, or God-bearer, affirming that Jesus Christ is truly God and truly human. In the United States and many other places, it is ordinarily a holy day of obligation.
Sukkot, the Feast of Booths, is a seven-day festival commemorating God's protection of the Israelites during their journey through the wilderness and celebrating the harvest. A central observance is dwelling and eating in a temporary structure called a sukkah. Another is taking the Four Species, including the lulav and etrog. Sukkot is one of the Torah's three pilgrimage festivals.
Theophany commemorates the Baptism of Jesus Christ in the Jordan and the revelation of the Holy Trinity. One of the Twelve Great Feasts, it is celebrated on 6 January according to the church calendar and includes the Great Blessing of Waters. Churches using the Julian calendar currently observe that date on 19 January of the civil Gregorian calendar.
Traditional New Year celebrations in many predominantly Theravada Buddhist cultures take place around mid-April, although they are regional cultural festivals rather than a single universal Theravada religious observance. Celebrations such as Songkran in Thailand combine family and community customs with temple visits, merit-making, offerings, and, in some countries, symbolic water rituals. Dates and practices vary by country.
Tisha B'Av is the principal Jewish day of mourning, commemorating the destruction of the First and Second Temples in Jerusalem and other tragedies associated with the date. The fast begins at sunset and continues until nightfall the following day. The Book of Lamentations is read, and mourning practices include sitting on low seats and refraining from ordinary comforts.
The Transfiguration commemorates Christ's revelation in divine glory before Peter, James, and John on the mountain. One of the Twelve Great Feasts, it is celebrated on 6 August according to the church calendar. The blessing of grapes and other fruits is a traditional custom associated with the feast. Churches using the Julian calendar currently observe 6 August on 19 August of the civil Gregorian calendar.
Trinity Sunday is observed on the Sunday after Pentecost and celebrates the Christian doctrine of one God in three persons: Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. Unlike festivals commemorating a particular event in the life of Christ, it focuses on a central Christian doctrine. The observance is especially common in Anglican, Lutheran, Methodist, and other churches that follow the traditional liturgical calendar.
Tu B'Av, the 15th of Av, is a joyful date in the Jewish calendar with origins in several events recorded in rabbinic tradition. It became particularly associated with matchmaking and marriage, recalling an ancient custom in which young women of Jerusalem went out to dance in the vineyards. Today it may be marked with celebrations, weddings, and expressions of love and community.
Tu BiShvat, the 15th of Shevat, is traditionally known as the New Year for Trees. Originally significant for calculating agricultural obligations in Jewish law, it later developed customs centered on fruits and the Land of Israel. Many communities eat fruits associated with Israel, hold a Tu BiShvat seder, plant trees, or reflect on the natural world.
Ugadi and Gudi Padwa are related New Year observances celebrated in different regions of India at the beginning of the Hindu lunisolar year. Ugadi is especially associated with Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, and Karnataka, while Gudi Padwa is prominent in Maharashtra. Customs include cleaning and decorating homes, special foods, worship, and prayers for prosperity in the year ahead.
Vaisakhi commemorates the founding of the Khalsa by Guru Gobind Singh at Anandpur Sahib in 1699 and is one of the most significant days in Sikh tradition. Gurdwaras hold special services, processions known as nagar kirtan, and community meals called langar. Vaisakhi is also associated with the spring harvest in Punjab and is usually observed in mid-April.
Vasant Panchami marks the approach of spring and is widely associated with Saraswati, the goddess of knowledge, learning, music, and the arts. Worship may include prayers to Saraswati and the honoring of books, musical instruments, and tools of study. Yellow clothing, flowers, and foods are common in many regions, reflecting the colors associated with the season.
Vesak, also known as Buddha Day or Buddha Purnima in some traditions, is one of the most widely observed Buddhist holy days. It commemorates the birth, enlightenment, and passing into final nirvana of the Buddha in many Buddhist traditions. Observances commonly include temple services, meditation, teachings, offerings, acts of generosity, and the decoration of temples and shrines. Dates vary according to the lunar calendar and regional tradition.
Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement, is the holiest day of the Jewish year. Beginning before sunset and ending after nightfall the following day, it is devoted to fasting, prayer, repentance, and seeking forgiveness. Much of the day is spent in synagogue, culminating in the Ne'ilah service as the fast draws to a close, followed by a final sounding of the shofar.
This holiday reference covers major observances across the faiths listed on this site. Local and regional customs can still differ. If something important to your community is missing, or a description needs a correction, please write to us at info@mysacredtimes.com.
